The gas can be dispersed by wind movement or air currents. Hydrogen sulfidesulphide, h 2 s, petroleum, inhalation, toxicity, industrial accident case series presentation workmen engaged in repair work at an oil refinery in sri lanka were accidentally exposed to toxic fumes following a leak in a pipeline in midnovember 2012. If the formation oil or gas is sour, there is no alternative but to produce the h 2 s and, because it generally has minimal economic value, dispose of the gas in a safe and costeffective manner. Hydrogen sulfide is a highly flammable, explosive gas, and can cause possible lifethreatening situations if not properly handled. Calculate the percentage of h2s in the sample if 0. It develops in stagnant water that is low in oxygen content, such as bogs, swamps, and polluted water. This sulfur can be released as h 2s either naturally while the crude sits in underground shale prior. Hydrogen sulfide is a common byproduct of petroleum extraction and refining, as well as a potential hazard from the breakdown of organic materials hence, its common name, sewer gas. More serious health effects can occur if crude oil is inhaled or swallowed. Hydrogen sulfide gas is also known as sewer gas because it is often produced by the breakdown of waste material. Hydrogen sulfide is often produced from the microbial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen gas, such as in swamps and sewers. Additional characteristics are provided in appendix i in this program. The chemicals are considered to be hazardous by the epa. Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula h 2 s.
This concentration is typically measured in parts per million by volume ppmv in the gas phase relative to a partition from oil and an aqueous phase with a ph equal to or less than 5 at standard. It is a colorless chalcogen hydride gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s is a colorless, flammable and extremely dangerous gas. An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed. Safety and health topics hydrogen sulfide occupational. Its presence in some oils is a known fact in the oil industry. Most hydrogen sulfide in the air comes from natural sources from bacterial decomposition of plant and animal materials, and from. Crude oil occupational exposures in petroleum refining. Determination of hydrogen sulfide and total sulfur in. Hydrogen sulfide h2s in the process and energy industries. Typical operational activities where personnel may be exposed to h 2 s. Petroleum refining petroleum refining saturated molecules. The hydrogen sulfide in a 75gram sample of petroleum.
It is found in many refinery streams such as crude oil, asphalt, residual fuel, mid distillate, gasoline and blend components. Mercaptans and hydrogen sulfide in crude oil as per astm d3227 and uop163 1222016 in the refining process of crude oil, sulfur compounds are present throughout the entire boiling range of the hydrocarbons. Pdf sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by. Sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by chemical precipitation article pdf available in journal of hazardous materials 15312. Hazard identification crude oil sour is extremely flammable and can cause eye, skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory irritation. Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic chemical compound that is found in a wide variety of oil processing operations. Hydrogen sulfide measurement requirements hydrogen sulfide h 2s is a clear, colorless, extremely toxic gas that has a rotten egg smell at low concentrations. At low levels, hydrogen sulfide gas has a strong odor similar to rotten eggs. A fire is composed of heat and light, both visible and invisible. In addition, hydrogen sulfide gas burns and produces other toxic vapors and gases, such as sulfur dioxide.
Some commercial samples are specified as na 2 sxh 2 o, where a weight percentage of na 2 s is specified. Hydrogen sulfide generation by reaction of natural gas. Simultaneous determination of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in petroleum products by potentiometric titration with silver nitrate using the agtitrode. Hydrogen sulfide is found naturally in underground petroleum reserves. Comparing 2008 and 2014, onsite refinery hydrogen production changed very little less than 1%, while hydrogen supplied by merchant producers increased by 5%. The specific gaseous compounds released from magma depend on the temperature, pressure, and overall composition of the volatile. Other sources include the decomposition of organic materials such as lignosulfonates in drilling fluids. The precipitated cdswas then filtered, washed, and ignited to cdso4. The simplest of the hydrocarbon molecules is methane ch4, which has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms per molecule. Our website uses cookies to offer you the best possible browsing experience. A whole class of hydrocarbons can be defined by expanding upon the relationship between methane and ethane. Air liquide manufactures hydrogen sulfide pure gas to be used in a variety of applications, including chemical synthesis, and is available with up to 99. Hydrogen sulfide is used or produced in a number of industries, such as.
Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s is responsible for many incidents of occupational toxic exposure, especially in the petroleum industry. It is heavier than air, toxic, corrosive, flammable, explosive, and is very dangerous when inhaled. Sulfide removal by chemical precipitation from petroleum refinery wastewater was investigated. Hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide leak reported at refinery. Hydrogen sulfide in industry every year, workers are accidentally exposed to unsafe levels of hydrogen sulfide h 2s, also called sour gas, sewer gas, stink damp, and hydrosulphuric acid. Hydrogen sulphide inhalational toxicity at a petroleum. It is formed when removing sulfur compounds from petroleum products. The clinical effects of h 2 s depend on its concentration and the duration of exposure. Sodium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula na 2 s, or more commonly its hydrate na 2 s9h 2 o. Petroleum refining is a technology that uses fossil fuels as raw materials and chemical catalysts as a means to achieve conversion of petroleum through once, twice, and deep processing to get a series of chemical products, which are further used as the basic raw materials for synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fertilizers and pesticides production. This document describes the dangers of h 2s in the workplace, and how to avoid them.
Cracking is the process by virtue of which crude petroleum of their fractions are decomposed by heat to produce products which have lower boiling points. Great book for initial overview of petroleum refining and how the plant works. In several petroleum reservoirs, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide h 2 s has been observed to increase unexpectedly in gaseous, oil, and aqueous phases of produced fluids. Application note 23402 hydrogen sulfide in refinery fuel gas. Rodney midgett quality assurance branch environmental monitoring and support laboratory research triangle park, north carolina 27711 environmental monitoring and support laboratory office of research and development u. Hydrogen sulfide generation by reaction of natural gas, sulfur, and steam crane, s. Fundamentals of petroleum refining 1st edition elsevier. People usually can smell hydrogen sulfide at low concentrations in air ranging from 0. Hydrogen sulfide also known as h 2 s, sewer gas, swamp gas, stink damp, and sour damp is a colorless gas known for its pungent rotten egg odor at low concentrations. Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable, colorless gas that smells like rotten eggs.
This method is applicable for the determination of the h 2 s content of fuel gas streams at petroleum refineries. It is heavier than air and therefore accumulates at the bottom of poorly ventilated areas. Report to congress on hydrogen sulfide air emissions. Hydrogen sulfide burns with a blue flame to form sulfur dioxide which is also a toxic gas. Determination of hydrogen sulfide in refinery fuel gases by joseph e. Determination of hydrogen sulfide in refinery fuel gases. The treatment procedure and treatment location depend on the concentration of h 2 s.
Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s is an extremely hazardous, toxic, and flammable gaseous compound recognized for its rotten egg smell at very low concentrations. Sulfur is removed from petroleum products in the petroleum refining process and is a byproduct of paper pulping. Occupational exposure to hydrogen sulfide gas during micro. When exposed to moist air, na 2 s and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs. Petroleum refining an overview sciencedirect topics.
Adherence to the requirements of this method will enhance the. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used. The base year for the report is 2014, and the market forecasts. In addition, industrial gas producers are able to take advantage of an expanding network of hydrogen gas pipelines, especially in the u. Hydrogen sulfide sulphide, h 2 s, petroleum, inhalation, toxicity, industrial accident case series presentation workmen engaged in repair work at an oil refinery in sri lanka were accidentally exposed to toxic fumes following a leak in a pipeline in midnovember 2012.
Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s is a colorless gas found naturally in some crude oils. Industrial sources of hydrogen sulfide include petroleum and natural gas extraction and refining, pulp and paper manufacturing, rayon textile production, chemical manufacturing and waste disposal. Hydrogen sulfide is produced in nature primarily through the decomposition of organic material by bacteria. Small quantities of other volatile elements and compounds also are present, such as hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and mercury. Hydrogen sulfide is a naturally occurring component of crude oil and natural gas.
While the molecules in crude oil include different atoms such as sulfur and nitrogen, the hydrocarbons are. Hydrogen sulfide is not produced for commercial sale. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s 7783064 8 mgm3740 mgm3, 6 ppm520 ppm. Mercaptans and hydrogen sulfide in crude oil as per astm. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units. The potential for exposure stretches across most operations in the oil industry, including. Small amount of hydrogen sulfide occur in crude petroleum. Some bacteria change calcium sulfate, the major component of wallboard, into hydrogen sulfide. Model f120 triplemode uvir flame detector posted on november 12, 2015 by safetysys. Sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by. Consultation document hydrogen sulphide h2s in petroleum crude oil dec 9 th 2016 to feb. This book is the most uptodate and comprehensive coverage of the most significant and recent changes to petroleum refining, presenting the stateofthe art to. Modeling of hydrogen sulfide removal from petroleum. The main scope of the course is to create strong basis and fundamentals regarding the processes in the petroleum refining.
Industrial gas producers are wellsuited to deliver a consistent supply of hydrogen to petroleum refineries using a combination of smr production and byproduct hydrogen from nearby. Petroleum refining design and applications handbook wiley. Reliablerapid precise application note hydrogen sulfide in refinery fuel gas refinery fuel gas refinery fuel gas rfg is composed of a mixture of hydrogen and c1 to c5 hydrocarbons recovered from different unit operations within a refinery for use as a fuel source in fired heaters and boilers. The gas also occurs as a natural constituent of natural gas, petroleum, sulfur deposits, volcanic gases, and sulfur springs. High concentrations of h 2 s may be present in crude oil, molten sulfur, tank and pitbottom sludge and produced water, all of which may release h 2 s when agitated, heated, or depressurized.
Inhalation may cause dizziness, nausea, or headache. Highsulfur kerogens release hydrogen sulfide during decomposition, and this h2s stays trapped in the oil and. Both are colorless watersoluble salts that give strongly alkaline solutions. Hydrogen sulfide may be emitted or released during exploration, development, extraction, treatment and storage, transportation and refining of petroleum products usepa 1993. Petroleum oil and natural gas are the products of thermal conversion of decayed organic matter called kerogen that is trapped in sedimentary rocks. Atoms are represented as spheres with conventional color coding. The largest industrial cause of h2s is through petroleum refineries as the hydroesulfiruization process liberates sulfur from petroleum. Industrial gas producers are wellsuited to deliver a consistent supply of hydrogen to petroleum refineries using a combination of smr production and byproduct hydrogen from nearby chemical plants.
Refinery upgrading to meet more stringent sulfur standards. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s molecule, chemical structure. Hydrogen sulfide removal from refinery gas streams costello. Phillips petroleum company, 1946, by phillips petroleum company and enid champlin refining company page images at hathitrust alkylation of alkanes, new york, reinhold pub. Petroleum, the result of the thermal conversion of decayed organic matter buried deep within the earth, often contains sulfur, an element that is sour to the taste skrtic, 2006, 5. Hydrogen for refineries is increasingly provided by. The next simplest, ethane c2h6, has two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. You can smell hydrogen sulfide gas at lower levels than may cause health effects, so smelling the gas does not always mean that it will make you sick. The main object of cracking is mainly the production of gasoline. Browse the amazon editors picks for the best books of 2019, featuring our favorite reads in more than a dozen.
H 2 s is immediately fatal when concentrations are over 500 parts per million ppm hence, h 2 s has been referred to as the knock down gas because inhalation of high. The delaware department of natural resources and environmental control reported thursday morning that a leak at the delaware city refining co. London, march 8, 2017 prnewswire this report focuses on the market for hydrogen purification in the petroleum refining industry. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s is highly toxic, with a distinctive rotten eggs odor. Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan sulfur in liquid hydrocarbons by potentiometric titration uop 16310 uop on. There are some sections that are a little more technical in terms of chemistry, but.
Introduction h2s hydrogen sulfide exposure is one of the leading causes of workrelated deaths in the petroleum industry. The human nose can detect h 2s at concentrations below 100 parts per billion. Hydrogen sulfide is used as a component in various balance gases and available as a scott brand gas mixture primarily used in environmental monitoring applications. It is then either converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.
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